Future in the Past

Sam An Teng

When we talk about an action or event which was in the future at a past time, we use future in the past.   It expresses an idea that something would happen in the future from the past perspective. To make it make easy, we can say that it is the past form of some future tenses, as:

[1]  Subject + would + infinitive

We use this construction to talk about prediction, promise, or willingness.

For examples,
  •  I didn't think the noise would disturb anyone.  (Assumption/Prediction)
  •  We thought she would ask for early retirement at that time.  (Prediction)
  •  She said she would pay back all her debt. (Promise)
  •  He said he would give me a lift. (Voluntary action)

[2]  Subject + was/were + going to + infinitive

We use this construction to talk about a plan or prediction with proofing evidence.

For examples,
  •  Last year at this time, I thought I was going to buy a new car. (Plan)
  •  He decided that he was going to pursue Master's degree last year.(Plan/Intention)
  •  It was going to rain as there was strong wind and dark cloud.  (Prediction)
  •  He had hard time with his boss; I thought he was going to leave. (Prediction)

[3] Past continuous

We use this construction to talk about arrangement.

For examples,
  •  She thought she was seeing the doctor later that day.
  •  I thought they were leaving the next day. 

[4]  Subject + was/were + to infinitive

We use this construction to talk about a fixed schedule.

For examples,
  •  When I was drinking there, I heard the shop was to close at 11.
  •  The government announced last year that it was to expand the road to the airport.

[5]  Subject + was/were + about to + infinitive 

We use this construction to talk about an immediate future in the past.

For examples,

  •  She was about to leave when his mother called. 
  •  I was about to mark his absent when he walked into the class.

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Related topics:

Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Continuous 
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Simple 
Past Perfect Continuous 
Future: WILL
Future: BE GOING TO
Other ways of expressing future meanings
Future Continuous
Future Perfect Simple
Future Perfect Continuous
Future in the past

Future Perfect Continuous

Form

• Positive: Subject + have/has + been + verb-ing (present participle or -ing form of the verb)
• Negative: Subject + have/has + not + been + verb-ing
• Question: Have/Has + subject + been + verb-ing?

Usage

Future perfect continuous is used to talk about:

1. an action that will still in progress at a particular time in the future (or to show a duration before Something in the Future).

Common time expressions used in the Future Perfect Continuous: before, by tomorrow/8 o'clock/next month, until/till...

For examples,

• They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Sokha arrives.
• Sokha will have been teaching at PUC for 3 years by the time he leaves for Australia.
• How long will you have been studying when you graduate?
• A: When you finish the course, will you have been living in France for over a year?
• B: No, I will not have been living here that long.

ករណីទី ១-- យើងប្រើ Future Perfect Continuous ដើម្បី​បង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយពី អ្វីដែលនឹង​កំពុង​​កើត​ឡើង​នៅ​ពេលវេលា​ណាមួយ​នៅក្នុង​​អនាគត ឬ​ក៏​ពីរយៈ​ពេល​ដែល សកម្មភាព​នោះ បាន កើតឡើង ពោលគឺ សកម្មភាព បានកើត​ឡើង​មុន​អនាគត បន្តមក​ដល់និង​កំពុងកើត​ឡើងក្នុង​អនាគត ហើយ​អាច​បន្តក្រោយ​ពេល​អនាគត។

2. cause of something in the future

For examples,

• They might be tired when we see them because they will have been working very hard.
• He’ll be jet lag when he gets home because he will have been flying for over six hours.

ករណីទី ២-- យើងប្រើ Future Perfect Continuous ដើម្បី បង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយពី ហេតុ (មូលហេតុ) ដែល បន្សល់​ទុកលទ្ធផល​នៅពេល​អនាគត។

Future Perfect Continuous

Form

• Positive: Subject + will + have + verb 3 (past participle)
• Negative: Subject + will + have + verb 3
• Question: Will + subject + have + verb 3?

Usage

Future perfect simple is used to talk about actions that will be finished before a certain time in the future (or a duration of an action up to a point of time in the future). Common time expressions used in the Future Perfect: before, by tomorrow/7 o'clock/next month, until/till...

For examples,

• By next November, I will have received my promotion.
• Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
• By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests. 
• Will you have finished your assignment by the time I get back?
• I will have been in Bangkok for six months by the time I leave. 
• She will have worked at that company for three years when it finally closes.

ការប្រើ-- យើងប្រើ Future Perfect Simple ដើម្បី និយាយពី សកម្មភាព​​មួយ​ដែលនឹងបាន បញ្ចប់ មុន ពេល វេលា​ជាក់លាក់​​ណា​មួយ​​នៅ​អនាគត ឬ ដើម្បី​បង្ហាញ​ពីរយៈពេល នៃ​សកម្មភាព បានកើត ឡើង តាំង​ពីមុន ហើយ​បន្តដល់​អនាគត។

Future Continuous

 

Form

• Positive: Subject + will + be + verb-ing (-ing form of the verb)
• Negative: Subject + will + be + verb-ing
• Question: Will + subject + be + verb-ing? 

Usage

Future continuous (progressive) is used to talk about:

1. an action that will be in progress at a specified time in the future.

For examples,

• This time next three years, I will be working in a nice office.  
• Tomorrow at this time, I will be sitting in an exam.
• We will be flying to Korea at midnight tonight.

ករណីទី ១-- យើងប្រើ Future Continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយពី អ្វីដែលនឹង​កំពុង​កើត​ឡើង នៅ​ពេល (ឬ ជុំវិញ) វេលាណាមួយជាក់លាក់នៅក្នុង​អនាគត។


2. an action that will be in progress and will be interrupted by a shorter action.

For examples,

• She will be having a bath when I'm back home.
• He will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.  
• I won't be learning English tomorrow at this time because I'll see a doctor.

ករណីទី ២-- យើងប្រើ Future Continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ ពណ៌នាពីសកម្មភាព​ដែលត្រូវ​បង្អាក់ ឬកាត់​ដោយសកម្មភាពមួយផ្សេងទៀត។ ពោលគឺ សកម្មភាព (future continuous) មួយ​នឹង​កំពុង​កើត​ឡើង ហើយត្រូវបានកាត់ដោយ (future simple) ។


3. To be more formal in asking questions (used instead of Future Simple).

For examples,

• When will you hand in your paper? (Teacher to student)
• When will you be grading the tests? (Student to teacher)
• Will you be going to the shop later? If you go, could you get me some potatoes?
• Will she be cooking when we knock at the door?
• Will Mark be playing football at 6 p.m.?

ករណីទី ៣-- យើងប្រើ Future Continuous ដើម្បីសួរសំណួរ ដែលមានលក្ខណៈ​ផ្លូវការ ឬ គួរសម ជាង ជំនួស Future Simple។​ 

Other Forms of Future

Other than future tenses in previous lessons, learners should also be aware that there are other forms used to express or talk about the future, too. This lesson will give you a short explanation of those forms as follow.

PRESENT SIMPLE

We use it to talk about fixed events (which are not simply the wishes of the speaker), programs, and schedules (a list of planned activities or things to be done). For examples,

• We finish semester one on January 25 next year.
• I flight this evening.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

We use it to describe fixed arrangements (what you have arranged to do), especially social (like parties, meetings…) and travel arrangements. A time reference is usually given. For examples,

• We are having a cycle meeting next week. 
• We have bought two tickets. We're seeing a play this weekend.

BE TO + VERB

We use ti for formal plans, official arrangements, and prohibitions. For examples,

• The factory is to close three weeks for repair.
• You are not to open files in the flash drive before scanning.

BE DUE TO / BE ABOUT TO + VERB

We use it to show an immediate future or something will happen shortly after you speaking (or something takes place at a fixed time). For examples,  

• He is about to leave to room. [ He is at the door way now.]
• I think the play is about to start now. [It is on time now.]

MODAL + VERB

We use to show future possibility or probability. For examples,  

• I may go shopping tonight, I haven't decided yet.
• I may pursue a degree in economics or marketing after I finish this course.

VERB + TO INFINITIVE

There are some certain verbs which already express future meaning like plan, intend, propose, hope, agree, promise... For examples,

• I intend to run my own business.
• She has proposed to change our plan.
• We have just agreed to launch a new product.

Future Simple (Be Going To)

Form

• Positive: Subject + am/is/are + going to + verb 1 (present form of the verb)
• Negative: Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + verb 1
• Question: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb 1?

Usage

Be going to is used to talk about: 

1. a plan/intention ( at the moment of speaking you have already decided, planned, or intended to do something) 

For examples,

• I am going to finish this proposal by this week. (Intention) 
• They are going to move their house. (Plan) 
• I am going to wait here until Sophal gets back. (Intention) 

ករណីទី ១-- យើងប្រើ Be Going To ដើម្បី​បង្ហាញពី ផែនការ ឬ ដើម្បើនិយាយពី​​ការតាំងចិត្ត​ពោល​គឺអ្នក​និយាយ​បាន​​​សម្រេចចិត្ត គ្រោង ឬ តាំងចិត្ត​ធ្វើអ្វីមួយ​រួចទៅ​​ហើយ​មុនពេល​ដែល​គេ​និយាយ។
 

2. a prediction with present evidence (you predict something basing on what you have seen, heard, or known). 

For examples,

• Look at the tree! It’s going to fall. 
• The sky is full of clouds. It’s going to rain. 
• The price’s going up. The demand for goods is going to fall down. 

ករណីទី ២-- យើងប្រើ Be Going To ដើម្បីធ្វើការ ព្យាករណ៍ (ឬធ្វើការទស្សន៍ទាយ) ដោយពឹង ផ្អែក លើភស្តុតាង ឬតម្រុយ នាពេលបច្ចុប្បន្ន។​ ​(លក្ខខ័ណ្ឌ ស្រដៀង​​គ្នាសូមមើល Will)។ 

Future Simple (Will)

Form

• Positive: Subject + will + verb 1 (present form of the verb) 
• Negative: Subject + will + not + verb 1
• Question: Will + subject + verb 1?

Usage

Will (future simple) is used to talk about: 

a. future facts

For examples, 

• Sokha will be 20 in December. 
• The sun will rise at 6:00 am.

ករណីទី ១-- យើងប្រើ Will ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ពីអ្វីដែលជា ការពិត នៅអនាគតកាល។ 

b. a general prediction, or an assumption
 

For examples,

• Everything will be fine. (Prediction)
• There will be 20 million people in Cambodia in 2020. (Prediction)
• That will be Sopheak at the door. (Assumption)

ករណីទី ២-- យើងប្រើ Will ដើម្បីធ្វើការព្យាករណ៍ (ឬធ្វើការទស្សន៍ទាយ) ឬ ក៏ធ្វើ ការប៉ាន់ស្មាន ពីអ្វីដែលអាចកើតឡើងនៅពេលអនាគត ដោយគ្មាន ឬ ពឹងផ្អែកលើភស្តុតាង នាពេលបច្ចុប្បន្ន ណាមួយ ។​ ​(លក្ខខ័ណ្ឌស្រដៀង​គ្នាសូមមើល Be going to)។

c. a spontaneous decision (you decide to do something at the time of speaking) 

For examples, 

• Hold on. I'll get a pen. 
• We will see what we can do to help you. 
• Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight. 

ករណីទី ៣-- យើងប្រើ Will ក្នុងករណីដែល យើង ឬ អ្នកនិយាយ សម្រេចចិត្ត​ធ្វើអ្វីមួយភ្លាមៗ ដោយ​​គ្មានគ្រោងទុកជាមុន ពោលគឺសម្រេចចិត្ត ធ្វើអ្វីមួយនៅពេលកំពុងនិយាយ។

d. a promise 

For examples,

• I won't tell anyone your secret. 
• I'll be there at 7 p.m., I promise. 
• I will finish my report later today. 

ករណីទី ៤-- យើងប្រើ Will ដើម្បី និយាយពី​ ឬ បង្ហាញពី ការសន្យា ក្នុងការធ្វើ អ្វីមួយ នៅ​ពេល​អនាគត។ 

e. an idea of willingness (voluntary actions): offers/requests, invitation, threat … 

For examples, 

• Will you help me move this heavy table? (a request) 
• A: I'm really hungry. 
• B: I'll make some sandwiches. (an offer) 
• We have a party next week. Will you join with us? (invitation) 
• Stop that or I will call the police. (threat) 

ករណីទី ៥-- យើងប្រើ Will ដើម្បីនិយាយពី​ សកម្មភាពដែលមានលក្ខណៈស្ម័គ្រចិត្ត ឬតាំងចិត្ត ដូចជា ការស្នើ ការផ្តល់ឲ្យ ការអញ្ជើញ និង ការគំរាម​កំហែង ជាដើម។ 

f. first conditional sentences 

For examples, 

• If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
• If my father doesn't buy me a bike for my birthday, I will be very unhappy. 
• If I arrive late, I will call you. 

ករណីទី ៦-- យើងប្រើ Will នៅក្នុង First Conditional (ក្នុង Main clause)។ 

Past Perfect Continuous

by Teng Sam An

Form

• Positive: Subject + had + been + verb-ing 
• Negative: Subject + had not + been + verb-ing 
• Question: Had + subject + been + verb-ing? 

Usage

Past perfect continuous is used to show/talk about:

a. A past action that had continued to a certain point in the past and was still happening at that time (or duration of a past action up to a certain point in the past)

For examples, 

• I had been running for an hour when it started raining. 
• When I saw him I knew that he had been training.
• For how many hours had Thona been painting the house when the ladder fell?
•  How long had the player been playing before he scored?

ករណីទី ១-- យើងប្រើ past perfect continuous ដើម្បី​បង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយ​អំពី សកម្មភាព មួយដែល​កើតឡើង​មុនពេល​វេលាជាក់​លាក់​មួយក្នុង អតីតកាល ហើយ​បន្ត​និង​កំពុង កើត​ឡើង ក្នុង ពេល​អតីតកាល ។


b. Action that had just stopped or finished before a past action

For examples, 

• Before the budget cuts, the students had been participating in many extracurricular activities.
• His hands were dirty because he had been fixing the car.
• At that time your father was very tired. What had he been doing?

ករណីទី ២-- យើងប្រើ past perfect continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពី សកម្មភាព មួយ​ដែល​ទើបនឹងបញ្ចប់។ 

Past Perfect Simple

Form

• Positive: Subject + had + verb 3 (past participle)
• Negative: Subject + had not + verb 3
• Question: Had + subject + verb 3?

ចំណាំ -- Verb3 ជាទំរង់អតីតកាល (V1 + -ed ឬ កិរិយាស័ព្ទស្ថិតក្នុងកូឡោនទីបី នៃ​តារាង Irregular verbs)។
 

Usage

Past Perfect Simple is used to show/talk about an action that had happened before other past action or a given time in the past.

For examples, 

• The robber had left when the police arrived.
• We had finished the project when we went on holiday.
• She hadn’t eaten breakfast when you talked to her.
• Had you scanned for viruses when you inserted the flash?  

Note: Common time expressions (time adverbials) in the Past Perfect: after, before, already, as soon as, just, yet, until, till, by the time that.

ករណីទី ១ -- យើងប្រើ past perfect simple ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីសកម្មភាព ដែល កើត​មុន​សកម្មភាពមួយ ឬពេលវេលាជាក់លាក់មួយនៃពេល អតីតកាល។

Past Continuous

  
Form:

• Positive form: Subject + was/were + verb-ing (-ing form of verb)
• Negative form: Subject + was/were + not + verb-ing
• Question form: Was/Were + subject + verb-ing?

Usage:


Past Continuous is used to show/talk about:

a. an action happening around a specified time in the past

For examples, 

• This time last year I was staying at the beach.
• I was watching TV at the time you called me last night.
• It was raining at 8:30 am yesterday.

ករណីទី ១-- យើងប្រើ past continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយពីសកម្មភាព មួយដែល កំពុង​កើត​ឡើងនៅពេល (ឬជុំវិញ) ពេលវេលាមួយជាក់ លាក់នៅក្នុងអតីតកាល។ 

b. an interrupted action (i.e. an action was happening, and another past action interrupted)

For examples, 

• When she was cooking, her baby woke up and cried.
• I bumped into him while I was walking across the road. 
• While I was doing homework, the phone rang.

ករណីទី ២-- យើងប្រើ past continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីសកម្មភាព មួយដែល កំពុង​តែ​កើតឡើងក្នុងអតីតកាល (past continuous) ហើយ​មានសកម្មភាពមួយទៀត (past simple) កើត​ឡើង​នៅចន្លោះ សកម្មភាពទីមួយ។​

c. a parallel of past actions (Two/more actions happening at the same time in the past.)

For examples, 

• While the teacher was explaining, some students were chatting.
• They were playing in the garden while I was working in my study.
• She was singing while the guests were eating. 

ករណីទី ៣-- យើងប្រើ past continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីសកម្មភាព ពីរ ឬ​ច្រើន​ដែល​កំពុងតែកើតឡើងពេលដំណាលគ្នា នៅក្នុងអតីតកាល។

d. complaints or annoyance (about someone’s past habit or a past situation): always, constantly
 
For examples, 

• My dog was always barking while I was sleeping.  
• My boss was always asking me to do extra work that was his own business.
• David was constantly chatting in working hour.

ករណីទី ៤-- យើងប្រើ past continuous ជាមួយ always / constantly ដើម្បី បង្ហាញ ពីការមិនចូល ចិត្ត ការរិះគន់ ឬការខឹងសម្បារ ចំពោះស្ថានភាព ឬ​ទម្លាប់របស់នរណា ម្នាក់ ពី អតីតកាល។

Past Simple

Form:

• Positive form: Subject + verb 2 (past form of the verb)
• Negative form: Subject + did not + verb 1 (present form)
• Question form: Did + subject + verb 1 ?

ចំណាំ-- V2 ជាទំរង់អតីតកាល (V1 + -ed ឬ កិរិយាស័ព្ទស្ថិតក្នុងកូឡោនទីពីរ នៃតារាង Irregular verbs)។

Usage:
 
Past Simple is used to show/talk about: 


a. an action that happened at a specified time in the past

For examples,

• She went shopping yesterday.
• They finished high school last year.
• We founded the Association in 1999. 

ករណីទី ១-- យើងប្រើ past simple ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីសកម្មភាពមួយ ដែលកើតឡើងនៅពេលវេលា មួយជាក់លាក់ក្នុងអតីតកាល។ ជាទូទៅ គេប្រើវាជាមួយ time expressions ដូចជា ago, last week, yesterday...។  

b. a completed action in the past (i.e. action that happened and finished in the past)

For examples, 

• Mark lived in London from 1990 to 1993.
• She worked for Cambrew for two years. (= completed in the past.)
• I studied there when I was in primary school.

ករណីទី ២-- យើងប្រើ past simple ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីសកម្មភាពមួយ ដែលកើតឡើង (មួយរយៈពេល) និងបញ្ចប់ទៅវិញក្នុងអតីតកាល។
 

c. a series of past actions (many actions) 

For examples,

• He entered a room, lit a cigarette and smiled at the guests.  
• They went into the house and arrested the man.
• He went to the park, and then he met Seiha.

ករណីទី ៣-- យើងប្រើ past simple ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីសកម្មភាពច្រើន ដែលកើតឡើង ហើយបញ្ចប់ បន្តបន្ទាប់គ្នា នៅក្នុងអតីតកាល។


d. regular event or past habits (also use USED TO and WOULD)  

For examples,  

• Everyday I went to the park.
• She got up at 5 everyday.

ករណីទី ៤-- យើងប្រើ past simple ជាមួយ would និង used to ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីសកម្មភាពមួយ ដែលកើតឡើងទៀងទាត់ ឬ ទម្លាប់ នៅក្នុងអតីតកាល។


USED TO: 

"Used to" is used to talk about something we did in the past, but we no longer do it now. For examples,  

• He used to smoke. (= Now he stops smoking.)
• They used to work for HSBC Bank.(= They no longer work there.)
• They didn’t use to work there.
• Did they use to work there?

សំគាល់ -- យើងប្រើ used to ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីអ្វីដែលយើង ធ្លាប់ធ្វើ នៅក្នុងអតីតកាល ហើយយើងបាន បោះបង់ចោល ឬឈប់ធ្វើ សកម្មភាពនោះហើយនាបច្ចុប្បន្នកាល)។ 

WOULD: 

"Would" is used to talk about repeated actions in the past, usually with adverbs of​ frequency.

For examples,  

• Before I got this job, I would go out a lot.  
• Every week he’d buy his mother a bunch of flowers.

សំគាល់ៈ យើងប្រើ would ជាមួយនឹង adverbs of frequency ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីសកម្មភាព ដែលកើត ឡើងជាញឹកញាប់ ឬ អំពីទម្លាប់នៅ ក្នុងអតីតកាល។

Present Perfect Continuous

Form:

• Positive form: Subject + have/has + been + verb-ing
• Negative form: Subject + have/has + not + been + verb-ing
• Question form: Have/Has + subject + been + verb-ing ? 

Usage:

Present Perfect Continuous is used to show/talk about:

a. an action that has just stopped / finished

For examples,

• You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly?
• I can smell smoke. Has somebody been smoking?
• I've got a headache and a stiff neck. I've been working too long on computer.

ករណីទី ១-- យើងប្រើ present perfect continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពី សកម្មភាពមួយ ដែលទើបនឹងបញ្ចប់ ដោយផ្អែកលើភស្តុតាង ដែលបន្សល់ទុក ដូចជាក្នុងឧទាហរណ៍ tired, smell smoke, headache and stiff neck ជាដើម។


b. an action that happened in the past and it continues up to the present -- when we want to focus on the activity / or to say that something is still happening

For examples,

• I've been waiting for him for 30 minutes and he still hasn't arrived.
• He's been asking me about it for days. I wish he would stop.
• You haven't been performing well over the last few months.

ករណីទី ២-- យើងប្រើ present perfect continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពី សកម្មភាព មួយដែល កើតឡើង ក្នុងអតីតកាល បន្តនិងកំពុងកើតឡើង នាពេលបច្ចុប្បន្ន និង អាចបន្តកើតឡើងក្នុងពេលអនាគតផងដែរ។​ 

Present Perfect Simple

Form:

• Positive form: Subject + have/has + verb 3 
• Negative form: Subject + have/has + not + verb 3 
• Question form: Have/Has + subject + verb 3 ?

ចំណាំ-- V3 ជាទំរង់អតីតកាល (V1 + -ed ឬ កិរិយាស័ព្ទស្ថិតក្នុងកូឡោនទីបី នៃតារាង Irregular verbs)។



Usage:  

Present Perfect Simple is used to show/talk about:

a. Things that happened at an indefinite time in the past

For examples,

• I have met him before.
• They have taken the exam.
• She has finished her homework.

Note: When we know the time that the action happened, we use past simple – not present perfect simple.

For examples,

• She bought a new bike last week. (Correct)
• She has bought a new bike last week. (Incorrect)

ករណីទី ១-- យើងប្រើ present perfect simple ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬនិយាយពី សកម្មភាព មួយ ដែលកើតឡើង នៅពេល វេលាមិនជាក់លាក់ណា មួយ នៅក្នុងអតីតកាល។ គួរកត់សំគាល់ថា បើយើង ដឹងពីពេលវេលា ជាក់លាក់ដែល សកម្មភាព នោះកើតឡើងវិញនោះ យើងមិនត្រូវប្រើ present perfect simple ប៉ុន្តែ ត្រូវប្រើ past simple ជំនួសវិញ។


b. Things that started in the past have continued up to now.

For examples,

• We have known each other since we were in high school.
• They have lived here for five years.
• She has worked on the computer since six this morning.

ករណីទី ២-- យើងប្រើ present perfect simple ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពី សកម្មភាព មួយ ដែល កើតឡើងនៅ ក្នុងអតីតកាល ហើយបានបន្តមក ដល់បច្ចុប្បន្នកាល។



c. Things that happened in the past and you can see the result now (past actions with present results)

For examples,

• He has washed his car. (= It is clean.)
• They have spent all of their money. (= They are broke.)
• John has painted his house. (= It looks nice.)

ករណីទី ៣-- យើងប្រើ present perfect simple ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពី សកម្មភាព មួយដែល កើតឡើង នៅក្នុងអតីតកាល ប៉ុន្តែមានលទ្ធផល នៅក្នុងបច្ចុប្បន្ន។ 

d. Experiences (i.e. something that we have done or have never done in the past)

For examples,

• We have never been to any place together before.
• It’s the most beautiful village I have ever been to.
• I have never driven a Mercedes.

ករណីទី ៤-- យើងប្រើ present perfect simple ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពី បទ​ពិសោធន៍ជីវិត ពោលជាអ្វីដែល យើងធ្លាប់ ឬ មិនធ្លាប់ធ្វើពីមុនមក។ 

Present Continuous

FORM

• Positive form: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing (-ing form of the verb)
• Negative form: Subject + am/is/are + not + verb-ing
• Question form: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb-ing?

USAGE

Present Continuous is used to show/talk about:


a. Things that are happening now or happening at the time of speaking

For examples,

• She is playing piano at the moment.
• We are sitting in the class now.
• They are playing football.

ករណីទី ១-- យើងប្រើ present continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយពី សកម្មភាព មួយដែល កំពុង កើតឡើងនា ពេលបច្ចុប្បន្ន ឬ ពេលដែលយើង កំពុងនិយាយ។
 
b. a situation in which you are in the middle/process of doing something, or an unfinished actions (although the time you speak, you are not doing the action) 

For examples,

• I am reading Romeo & Juliet this month.
• We are working on a project at the moment.
• She is writing a new novel.

ករណីទី ២-- យើងប្រើ present continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពី សកម្មភាព មួយ ដែល មិនទាន់ បានបញ្ចប់ ឬក៏យើងកំពុង តែស្ថិតក្នុងដំណើរការ នៃការធ្វើ សកម្មភាពនោះ។​
 
c. Temporary situations (that is a situation that is happening for just a short period of time)

For examples,

• He is sitting in the front row this morning.
• She is driving to school this week.
• They live in Mondulkiri, but now they are living in Phnom Penh.

ករណីទី ៣-- យើងប្រើ present continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយ អំពីសកម្មភាព ដែល កើត ឡើងជាបណ្តោះ អាសន្ន ពោលគឺកើតឡើងតែក្នុងមួយ រយៈពេលខ្លី។


d. A situation or something that keeps changing or is changing gradually.

For examples,

• It is getting more and more difficult to find the job now.
• The prices of all products are increasing at a remarkable rate.

ករណីទី ៤-- យើងប្រើ present continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយ អំពីនិន្នាការ ប្រែប្រួល សកម្មភាព ដែលកំពុង ផ្លាស់ប្តូរ ឬ វិវត្តន៍ទៅមុខយឺតៗ

e. a future arrangements (i.e. to show future meaning)

For examples,

• What are you doing this afternoon?
• I am seeing the doctor on Monday next week.
• We are going to the cinema tonight.

ករណីទី ៥-- យើងប្រើ present continuous ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពី សកម្មភាព ដែល យើងបានរៀបចំ​ ឬគ្រោង ទុកនៅពេលអនាគត។​
 
f. To express annoyance or complaints on someone’s behavior or a situation: Used with "always" or "constantly"

For examples,

• Vannak’s always coming to class late.
• He’s always leaving his dirty socks on the living room floor!
• My son is always getting parking tickets! He needs to learn to pay more attention when he parks his car.

ករណីទី ៦-- យើងប្រើ present continuous ជាមួយ always / constantly ដើម្បី បង្ហាញ ពីការមិន ចូលចិត្ត ការរិះគន់ ឬការខឹងសម្បារ ចំពោះស្ថានភាព ឬទម្លាប់របស់នរណាម្នាក់។

Present Simple

Form:

• Positive form: Subject + verb 1 (present form)

• Negative form: Subject + do/does + not + verb 1

• Question form: Do/Does + subject + verb 1?

ចំណាំ៖ កាលណា ប្រធាន ជាបុរសទីបី (he, she, it) ឬ ជាឯកវចនៈ យើងត្រូវ បន្ថែម -s ឬ -es នៅខាងចុង​នៃកិរិយាស័ព្ទ។
 
Usage:

Present Simple​ is used to show/talk about:

a. Regular / routine activities or habits (that is the activities that you do everyday or do repeatedly)

For examples,

• She always gets up at seven.
• He goes to school every day.
• They clean their car two times a week.

ករណីទី ១ -- យើងប្រើ present simple ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីទម្លាប់ ឬក៏​សកម្មភាព មួយដែល កើតឡើង ទៀងទាត់ ឬកើតឡើងម្តងហើយ​ម្តងទៀត។
 
b. General truths or facts (that is something that is always true or something that is true in general)

For examples,

• The water boils at 100 degree Celsius.
• People always feel nervous before having job interview.
• The sun sets in the west.

ករណីទី ២ --យើងប្រើ present simple ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីអ្វីដែលពិត (Facts)​ឬ ការពិតទូទៅ (General truths)។​

c. Permanent/long-term situations (that is something that is true for a long time or permanently true)

For examples,

• He works for ANZRoyal Bank.
• They live in Kratie province.
• He drives to school.

ករណីទី ៣ -- យើងប្រើ present simple ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីសកម្មភាព ឬ ស្ថានភាព មួយដែល កើតឡើងជា អចិន្រ្តៃយ៍ ឬ កើតកើតឡើងក្នុង អំឡុងពេលយូរមួយ។
 
d. States (we normally use it with stative verbs)

For examples,

• He likes going out in the evening.
• IBM is one of the largest computer companies.
• Bopha owns an art gallery in Phnom Penh.

ករណីទី ៤ -- យើងប្រើ present simple ជាមួយកិរិយាស័ព្ទអកម្ម (កិរិយាស័ព្ទដែល​បង្ហាញ ពីសភាព) ដើម្បីបង្ហាញ ឬ និយាយអំពីសភាព ឬលក្ខណៈ ឧបមាដូចជា អារម្មណ៍ កម្មសិទ្ធិ ......។